Keywords
physical activity
upper respiratory infection
How to Cite
Abstract
Air pollution is often associated with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), and children are generally the most susceptible to URI. Although physical activity has a positive impact on health, it should be remembered that unhealthy pollution concentrations can eliminate the positive effects of physical activity. Thus, this research aimed to map the concentration of air pollution associated with the prevalence of URI symptoms and the level of physical activity in children throughout Java Island. This research uses a multicenter design, a descriptive quantitative method with a cross-sectional approach, within every six big cities on Java Island, Indonesia. The total subjects in this research were 1,216 male and female elementary school students from six provinces throughout Java Island (Banten, n=200), (Jakarta, n=200), (Bandung, n=202), (Semarang, n =210), (Yogyakarta, n=201), (Surabaya, n=203). Data was collected offline using the physical activity and URI questionnaires, accompanied directly by the original teacher. The research results indicated that unhealthy air pollution quality (> 35 µg/m³) was associated with the prevalence of URI symptoms (Jakarta 18.9% and Semarang 21.6%). Data analysis using ANOVA to see the interaction between 6 big cities and investigate within each city using paired t-test. Students' level of physical activity was related to air pollution, which could negatively impact the respiratory system. Therefore, these findings can be of particular concern to city governments and school teachers not to rule out the dangers of air pollution and the benefits of physical activity in schools.
References
Abdullah, H., Zaini, J., Antariksa, B., Susanto, A. D., & Yunus, F. (2021). Pulmonary Health of Traffic Policemen in Low Air-Polluted Bogor Area. Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia, 41(3), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.36497/jri.v41i3.183
Agustian, D., Rachmi, C. N., Indraswari, N., Molter, A., Carder, M., Rinawan, F. R., van Tongeren, M., & Driejana, D. (2020). Feasibility of indonesia family life survey wave 5 (Ifls5) data for air pollution exposure–response study in indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249508
Bahri, S., Resmana, D., Tomo, H. S., & Apriantono, T. (2021). The effect of exercising under particulate matter 2.5 conditions on forced vital capacity and blood lead levels. Physiotherapy Quarterly, 29(3), 24–27. https://doi.org/10.5114/pq.2020.100288
Bahri, S., Safei, I., & Satriyo Tomo, H. (2020). Dampak berolahraga di area yang terpapar oleh polusi udara The Effect of Exercising in an Area Exposed to Air Pollution. Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 6(3), 588–598. https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v6i3.14708
Chen, X., Chen, W., Wang, Y., Han, Y., & Zhu, T. (2018). Responses of healthy young males to fine-particle exposure are modified by exercise habits: A panel study. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source, 17(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0437-3
Fauziah, D. A., Rahardjo, M., & Dewanti, N. A. Y. (2017). Analisis Tingkat Pencemaran Udara Di Terminal Kota Semarang. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat (e-Journal), 5(5), 561–570.
Fauziah, P. Y., Kusumawardani, E., Nopembri, S., Mulyawan, R., Susilowati, I. H., Nugraha, S., Alimoeso, S., Hasiholan, B. P., Fauzi, L., Cahyati, W. H., Rahayu, T., Chua, T. B. K., & Chia, M. Y. H. (2022). Play–Sleep Nexus in Indonesian Preschool Children before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710695
Giles, L. V., & Koehle, M. S. (2014). The health effects of exercising in air pollution. Sports Medicine, 44(2), 223–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0108-z
Giorgini, P., Rubenfire, M., Bard, R. L., Jackson, E. A., Ferri, C., & Brook, R. D. (2016). Air Pollution and Exercise. 84–95. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCR.0000000000000139
Kargarfard, M., Poursafa, P., Rezanejad, S., & Mousavinasab, F. (2011). Effects of exercise in polluted air on the aerobic power, serum lactate level and cell blood count of active individuals. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2(3), 145–150.
Kargarfard, M., Shariat, A., Shaw, B. S., Shaw, I., Lam, E. T. C., Kheiri, A., Eatemadyboroujeni, A., & Tamrin, S. B. M. (2015). Effects of Polluted Air on Cardiovascular and Hematological Parameters After Progressive Maximal
Aerobic Exercise. Lung, 193(2), 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-014-9679-1
Kim, K. H., Kabir, E., & Kabir, S. (2015). A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter. Environment International, 74, 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.005
Kocot, K. (2020). The effect of upper respiratory allergy on acute respiratory response to ambient air pollution during physical exercise. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 33(5), 649–660. https://doi.org/10.13075/IJOMEH.1896.01533
Kubesch, N., De Nazelle, A., Guerra, S., Westerdahl, D., Martinez, D., Bouso, L., Carrasco-Turigas, G., Hoffmann, B., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2015). Arterial blood pressure responses to short-term exposure to low and high traffic-related air pollution with and without moderate physical activity. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 22(5), 548–557. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487314555602
Laeremans, M., Dons, E., Avila-Palencia, I., Carrasco-Turigas, G., Orjuela-Mendoza, J. P., Anaya-Boig, E., Cole-Hunter, T., De Nazelle, A., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Standaert, A., Van Poppel, M., De Boever, P., & Int Panis, L. (2018). Black Carbon Reduces the Beneficial Effect of Physical Activity on Lung Function. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 50(9), 1875–1881. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001632
Losacco, C., & Perillo, A. (2018). Particulate matter air pollution and respiratory impact on humans and animals. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(34), 33901–33910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3344-9
Nurrohman, R., Harahap, F., Taufik, F. F., & Susanto, A. D. (2014). Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Function in Worker Exposed to Carbon Black Dust in Ink Factory. Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia, 34(3), 158–166.
Ozlem Kar Kurt, Zhang, J., & Pinkerton, K. E. (2017). Pulmonary Health Effects of Air Pollution. Physiology & Behavior, 176(1), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000248.Pulmonary
Samsul Bahri, Pambudi, Y. T., Safei, I., Resmana, D., & Hindawan, I. (2019). The Effect of Performing Exercise in Air Polluted Environments on Blood Pressure Response. 4(1), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v7i1.45037
Si, Q., & Cardinal, B. J. (2017). The Health Impact of Air Pollution and Outdoor Physical Activity on Children and Adolescents in Mainland China. Journal of Pediatrics, 180, 251–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.10.016
Sinharay, R., Gong, J., Barratt, B., Ohman-Strickland, P., Ernst, S., Kelly, F. J., Zhang, J. (Jim), Collins, P., Cullinan, P., & Chung, K. F. (2018). Respiratory and cardiovascular responses to walking down a traffic-polluted road compared with walking in a traffic-free area in participants aged 60 years and older with chronic lung or heart disease and age-matched healthy controls: a randomized, crosso. The Lancet, 391(10118), 339–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32643-0
Tainio, M., Jovanovic Andersen, Z., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Hu, L., de Nazelle, A., An, R., Garcia, L. M. T., Goenka, S., Zapata-Diomedi, B., Bull, F., & Sá, T. H. de. (2021). Air pollution, physical activity and health: A mapping review of the evidence. Environment International, 147(December 2020), 105954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105954
Thompson Coon, J., Boddy, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J., & Depledge, M. H. (2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review. Environmental Science and Technology, 45(5), 1761–1772. https://doi.org/10.1021/es102947t
Wagner, D. R., & Clark, N. W. (2018). Effects of ambient particulate matter on aerobic exercise performance. Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness, 16(1), 12–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2018.01.002
WHO. (2018). 2018 Global reference list of 100 core health indicators (plus health-related SDGs).
World Health Organization. (2020). WHO Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour. In World Health Organization.
Yudison, A. P. ., Driejana, D. ., Reksowardojo, I. K. ., & Sulaeman, A. S. (2017). Motorcycle Emission Profiles in Bandung City, Indonesia. https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2017-32-0076/
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.