Abstract
Many runners experience decreased performance and premature fatigue, influenced by various factors, including nutrition. The results of the observations show a high level of fatigue and a need for more performance among runners who are members of the running community in Makassar, especially beginner runners. This research aims to examine the effect of the carbohydrate loading method on improving the performance of the amateur runner community in Makassar. This research used an experimental design involving 60 runners from the amateur runner community in Makassar. Subjects were divided into two groups: an experimental group that applied the carbohydrate loading method and a control group that followed a normal eating pattern. Training to measure runner performance The multistage fitness test (MFT) is the instrument to measure runner performance. Data analysis techniques with t-test (paired sample t-test) to see differences using spss version 20. Data analysis showed significant improvements in performance improvement with the carbohydrate application method. The average performance value increased in the experimental group to 46.18 compared to the control group to 37.21. This increase can be seen from the calculated t-value of 13.75. So, the carbohydrate loading method influences performance. The carbohydrate loading method is an effective strategy for improving the performance of running athletes, especially in the Makassar runner community. With proper application, this method can help runners achieve peak performance, reduce fatigue, and increase efficiency during training and competition.
References
Alghannam, A. F., Ghaith, M. M., & Alhussain, M. H. (2021). Regulation of energy substrate metabolism in endurance exercise. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4963. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094963.
Bauhaus, H., Erdogan, P., Braun, H., & Thevis, M. (2023). Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in Sports—A Comparison between a CGM Device and Lab-Based Glucose Analyser under Resting and Exercising Conditions in Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(15), 6440. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156440.
Boisseau, N., & Isacco, L. (2022). Substrate metabolism during exercise: Sexual dimorphism and women’s specificities. European Journal of Sport Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1943713.
Burke, L. M. (2021). Nutritional approaches to counter performance constraints in high-level sports competition. Experimental Physiology, 106(12), 2304–2323. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP088188
D’Souza, N. C., Kesibi, D., Yeung, C., Shakeri, D., D’Souza, A. I., Macpherson, A. K., & Riddell, M. C. (2023). The Impact of Sex, Body Mass Index, Age, Exercise Type and Exercise Duration on Interstitial Glucose Levels during Exercise. Sensors, 23(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229059
Damayati, R. P. (2015). Carbohydrate Loading Meningkatkan Performa Olahraga. https://www.academia.edu/12234214/Carbohydrate_Loading_Meningkatkan_Performa_Pada_Olahraga.
Dorans, K. S., Bazzano, L. A., Qi, L., He, H., Appel, L. J., Samet, J. M., Chen, J., Mills, K. T., Nguyen, B. T., O'Brien, M. J., Uwaifo, G. I., & He, J. (2021). Low-carbohydrate dietary pattern on glycemic outcomes trial (ADEPT) among individuals with elevated hemoglobin A1c: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 22(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-05001-x
Fadhiil, F., Syafriani, R., & Bahri, S. (2023). Analisis Pemberian Diet Carbohydrate Loading Terhadap Kadar Asam Laktat Darah, Kadar Glukosa Darah Dan Performa Atlet Rowing Jarak 2000 Meter. Jurnal Olahraga Kebugaran Dan Rehabilitasi (JOKER), 3(1), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.35706/joker.v3i1.8869
Feely, C., Caulfield, B., Lawlor, A., & Smyth, B. (2023). Modelling the training practices of recreational marathon runners to make personalised training recommendations. Proceedings of the 31st ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization, pp. 183–193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3565472.3592952
Furber, M. J. W., Young, G. R., Holt, G. S., Pyle, S., Davison, G., Roberts, M. G., Roberts, J. D., Howatson, G., & Smith, D. L. (2022). Gut Microbial Stability is Associated with Greater Endurance Performance in Athletes Undertaking Dietary Periodization. MSystems, 7(3), e0012922. https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00129-22
Granero-Gallegos, A., González-Quílez, A., Plews, D., & Carrasco-Poyatos, M. (2020). HRV-Based Training for Improving VO2max in Endurance Athletes. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217999
Hargreaves, M., & Spriet, L. L. (2020). Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise. Nature Metabolism, 2(9), 817–828. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-020-0251-4
Hartoto, S., Firmansyah, A., & Prakoso, B. B. (2023). Kapasitas Fisik Dan Gizi Siswa-Atlet Di Sekolah Khusus Olahraga. Jawa Timur: Penerbit Uwais Inspirasi Indonesia.
Haryono, E., Slamet, M., & Septian, D. (2023). Statistika spss 28.
Hidayatulloh, R., & Widodo, A. (2020). Perbedaan Asupan Karbohidrat Dan Lemak Terhadap Kecepatan Sprint 100 Meter. Jurnal Kesehatan Olahraga, 8(3). https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/jurnal-kesehatan-olahraga/article/view/34382
Hughes, R. L., & Holscher, H. D. (2021). Fueling Gut Microbes: A Review of the Interaction between Diet, Exercise, and the Gut Microbiota in Athletes. Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 12(6), 2190–2215. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmab077
Hulett, N. A., Scalzo, R. L., & Reusch, J. E. B. (2022). Glucose uptake by skeletal muscle within the contexts of type 2 diabetes and exercise: an integrated approach. Nutrients, 14(3), 647. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030647
Hulton, A. T., Malone, J. J., Clarke, N. D., & Maclaren, D. P. M. (2022). Energy Requirements and Nutritional Strategies for Male Soccer Players: A Review and Suggestions for Practice. Nutrients, 14(3), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030657
Hulton, A. T., Vitzel, K., Doran, D. A., & MacLaren, D. P. M. (2020). Addition of Caffeine to a Carbohydrate Feeding Strategy Prior to Intermittent Exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(9), 603–609. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1121-7817
Husnul, D. (2024). Efektifitas Penggunaan Metode Karbohidrat Loading Pada Atlet Sepak Bola Ssfc Unm. Korsa; Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Keolahragaan Dan Kesehatan, 3(1), 37–40. https://journal.unm.ac.id/index.php/korsa/article/view/2807
Iwayama, K., Tanabe, Y., Yajima, K., Tanji, F., Oni shi, T., & Takahashi, H. (2023). Preexercise high-fat meal following carbohydrate loading attenuates glycogen utilization during endurance exercise in male recreational runners. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 37(3), https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004311 .
Kelly, V. G., Oliver, L. S., Bowtell, J., & Jenkins, D. G. (2021). Inside the Belly of a Beast: Individualizing Nutrition for Young, Professional Male Rugby League Players: A Review. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 31(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0321
King, A. J., Etxebarria, N., Ross, M. L., Garvican-Lewis, L., Heikura, I. A., McKay, A. K. A., Tee, N., Forbes, S. F., Beard, N. A., Saunders, P. U., Sharma, A. P., Gaskell, S. K., Costa, R. J. S., & Burke, L. M. (2022). Short-Term Very High Carbohydrate Diet and Gut-Training Have Minor Effects on Gastrointestinal Status and Performance in Highly Trained Endurance Athletes. Nutrients, 14(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091929
König, D., Braun, H., Carlsohn, A., Großhauser, M., Lampen, A., Mosler, S., Nieß, A., Oberritter, H., Schäbethal, K., & Schek, A. (2019). Carbohydrates in sports nutrition. Position of the working group sports nutrition of the German Nutrition Society (DGE). Ernahrungs Umschau, 66(11), 228–235. https://doi.org/10.4455/eu.2019.044
Lawler, T. P., & Cialdella-Kam, L. (2020). Non-carbohydrate Dietary Factors and Their Influence on Post-Exercise Glycogen Storage: a Review. Current Nutrition Reports, 9(4), 394–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-020-00335-z
Lockie, R. G., Dawes, J. J., Moreno, M. R., Cesario, K. A., Balfany, K., Stierli, M., Dulla, J. M., & Orr, R. M. (2021). Relationship between the 20-m multistage fitness test and 2.4-km run in law enforcement recruits. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 35(10), 2756–2761. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003217
Marsuna, Hudain, M. A., & Heriansyah. (2024). Aerobic training as an approach to increasing VO2max in amateur football athletes. Journal Sport Area, 9(2), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2024.vol9(2).15338
Michalczyk, M. M., Chycki, J., Zajac, A., Maszczyk, A., Zydek, G., & Langfort, J. (2019). Anaerobic Performance after a Low-Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) Followed by 7 Days of Carbohydrate Loading in Male Basketball Players. Nutrients, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040778
Millah, H. (2019). Penjelasan Karbohidrat Loading. Pendidikan Jasmani Universitas Siliwangi. https://penjas.unsil.ac.id/2019/05/penjelasan-karbohidrat-loading/
Moreno-Cabañas, A., & Gonzalez, J. T. (2023). Role of prior feeding status in mediating the effects of exercise on blood glucose kinetics. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 325(4), C823–C832. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00271.2023
Muscella, A., Stefàno, E., Lunetti, P., Capobianco, L., & Marsigliante, S. (2020). The regulation of fat metabolism during aerobic exercise. Biomolecules, 10(12), 1699. doi: 10.3390/biom10121699
Parmar, A., Jones, T. W., & Hayes R., P. (2021). The dose-response relationship between interval-training and VO2max in well-trained endurance runners: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(12), 1410–1427. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1876313
Podlogar, T., & Wallis, G. A. (2022). New horizons in carbohydrate research and application for endurance athletes. Sports Medicine, 52(Suppl 1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01757-1
Quinn, C. P., McDougall, R. M., Aboodarda, S. J., Murias, J. M., & MacInnis, M. J. (2024). Effects of carbohydrate availability on cycling endurance at the maximal lactate steady state. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 326(3), R266–R275. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00178.2023
Sepriadi, S. (2019). Pembinaan Kebugaran Jasmani: Sebagai Suatu Pengantar. Depok: PT. Rajagrafindo Persada
Shandi, S. A., Furkan, F., & Yanti, S. (2021). Tingkat Pemahaman Kebutuhan Asupan Gizi Atlet Lari Jarak Jauh. Jurnal Pendidikan Olahraga, 11(2), 16–19. https://doi.org/10.37630/jpo.v11i2.526
Shiose, K., Takahashi, H., & Yamada, Y. (2022). Muscle Glycogen Assessment and Relationship with Body Hydration Status: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010155
Soo, J., Raman, A., Lawler, N. G., Goods, P. S. R., Deldicque, L., Girard, O., & Fairchild, T. J. (2023). The role of exercise and hypoxia on glucose transport and regulation. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 123(6), 1147–1165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05135-1
Wigati, W. W., Ali, M. A., Kurniawati, D. M., & Anggita, G. M. (2022). Analisis Hubungan Makronutrisi Dengan Daya Tahan Kardiorespiratori, Kecepatan, Dan Kekuatan Otot Tungkai Pada Atlet Lari Amatir. Majalah Kesehatan, 9(3), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.21776/majalahkesehatan.2022.009.03.4
Wilson, P. (2022). Sports Supplements and the Athlete's Gut: A Review. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(10), 840–849. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1704-3086
Xianglin, K., Pengcheng, G., Weilong, W., Rusanova, O., & Diachenko, A. (2020). Planning special physical training for rowers in China: a randomized study. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(4), 1688–1694. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.04229
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.