Keywords
karate athlete
competitive state anxiety
How to Cite
Abstract
Competitive state anxiety influences cognitive, emotional, and athlete behaviour while they have to perform perfectly in a competition. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of Mindfulness Sports Performance Enhancement (MSPE) training on competitive state anxiety of karate athletes in Surabaya. The research method used is quantitative with an experimental design. The sample in this study was 28 Karate athletes from Dojo Shiroite and INKAI in Surabaya. Those samples were selected using quota sampling. The intervention provided was an MSPE intervention adapted from Mindfulness Sports Performance Enhancement (MSPE). The data collection method was carried out using a competitive state anxiety scale adapted from The Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory – 2 with 17 items. The data were analyzed by paired t-test with SPSS 26. The result showed a significant decrease in the average competitive state anxiety by 9.25 points. This condition is supported by the decrease in cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety dimension by 7.76 and 3.86 points. The decrease was also followed by an increase in the self-confidence dimension by 8.21 points. The findings in this study show the importance of continuous mental mindfulness training to improve athlete performance by overcoming competitive state anxiety. This research can also be a reference for practitioners and researchers. MSPE training can be developed as an effort to improve or solve problems related to an athlete's condition.
References
Arikunto, S. (2014). Prosedur penelitian suatu pendekatan praktik. Rineka Cipta.
Bagheri, E., & Dana, A. (2021). The effect of mindfulness protocol on anxiety, self-efficacy and performance of athletes 1. In Sport Psychology Studies (Vol. 10, Issue 36).
Baltzell, A. L., & Akhtar, V. L. v. (2014). Mindfulness meditation training for sport (mmts) intervention: Impact of mmts with division i female athletes. Journal of Happiness and Wellbeing, 2(2), 160–173.
Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2015). Meditation practice and self-reported mindfulness: a cross-sectional investigation of meditators and non-meditators using the comprehensive inventory of mindfulness experiences (CHIME). Mindfulness, 6(6), 1411–1421.
Birrer, D., Röthlin, P., & Morgan, G. (2012). Mindfulness to enhance athletic performance: Theoretical considerations and possible impact mechanisms. In Mindfulness (Vol. 3, Issue 3, pp. 235–246). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0109-2
Campbell, M. L. (2021). Mindfulness-Based Practices for the Impaired Performance Mindfulness-Based Practices for the Impaired Performance Athlete Athlete. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports
Capranica, L., Condello, G., Tornello, F., Iona, T., Chiodo, S., Valenzano, A., & Cibelli, G. (2017). Salivary alpha-amylase, salivary cortisol, and anxiety during a youth taekwondo championship: An observational study. Medicine, 96(28), e7272. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000007272
Chen, M. A., & Meggs, J. (2021a). The effects of mindful sport performance enhancement (MSPE) training on mindfulness, and flow in national competitive swimmers. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 16(3), 517–527. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.163.04
Chen, X., Hou, Xi., Chen, C., Wang, D., Zhai, L., & Wang, J. (2022). Perceived stress, competitive state anxiety,depression and sleep quality in Chinese thletes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. researchsquare.com. https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1466973/latest.pdf
Cox, R. H., Martens, M. P., & Russell, W. D. (2003). Measuring anxiety in athletics: The revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25(4), 519–533. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.4.519
Dana, A., Shahir, V. A., & Ghorbani, S. (2022). The impact of mindfulness and mental skills protocols on athletes’ competitive anxiety. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 14(1), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2022-0017
de Petrillo, L. A., Kaufman, K. A., Glass, C. R., & Arnkoff, D. B. (2009). Mindfulness for long-distance runners: An open trial using Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE). Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 3(4), 357–376.
Demarzo, M. M., Montero-Marin, J., Cuijpers, P., Zabaleta-del-Olmo, E., Mahtani, K. R., Vellinga, A., Vicens, C., López-del-Hoyo, Y., & García-Campayo, J. (2015). The efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions in primary care: A meta-analytic review. Annals of Family Medicine, 13(6), 573–582.
Draper, N., Dickson, T., Fryer, S., Blackwell, G., Winter, D., Scarrott, C., & Ellis, G. (2012). Plasma cortisol concentrations and perceived anxiety in response to on-sight rock climbing. Int. J. Sports Med, 33(1), 13–17.
Elliott, D., Polman, R., & Taylor, J. (2014). The effects of relaxing music for anxiety control on competitive sport anxiety. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(SUPPL.1). https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.693952
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191.
Fekih, S., Zguira, M. S., Koubaa, A., Bettaieb, A., Hajji, J., Bragazzi, N. L., & Jarraya, M. (2021). Effects of mental training through imagery on the competitive anxiety of adolescent tennis players fasting during ramadan: A randomized, controlled experimental study. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.713296
Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E. (2004). A Mindfulness-Acceptance- Commitment-based approach to athletic performance enhancement: Theoretical considerations. Behavior Therapy, 35(5), 707–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0005-7894(04)80016-9
Goodman, F. R., Kashdan, T. B., Mallard, T. T., & Schumann, M. (2014). A brief mindfulness and yoga intervention with an entire NCAA Division I athletic team: An initial investigation. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1(4), 339–356. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000022
Gorgulu, R. (2019). Counter-intentional errors of basketball free throw shooting under elevated pressure: An educational approach of task instruction. Journal of Education and Learning, 8(2), 89. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v8n2p89
Haase, L., Kenttä, G., Hickman, S., Baltzell, A. L., & Paulus, M. (2016). Mindfulness Training in Elite Athletes: mPEAK with BMX Cyclists. Mindfulness and Performance, 186–208. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139871310.010
Harrison, V., Richard, K., Brace, N., & Snelgar, R. (2021). SPSS for Psychologists. In SPSS for Psychologists. RED GLOBE PRESS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-57923-2
Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2014). Research Methods in Psychology. In Psychology for Nurses. Pearson Education Limited. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/12408_3
Ie, A., Ngnouen, C. T., & Langer, E. J. (2014). The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness. In The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness (Vols. 1–2). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118294895
Kaufman, K. A., Glass, C. R., & Pineau, T. R. (2018). Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement: Mental Training for Athletes and Coaches. American Psychological Association.
Kaufman, K. A., Glass, C. R., & Pineau, T. R. (2019). Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE). In Handbook of Mindfulness-Based Programmes. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315265438-15
Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., Chapleau, M. A., Paquin, K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2013). Mindfulness-based therapy: A comprehensive meta-analysis. In Clinical Psychology Review (Vol. 33, Issue 6, pp. 763–771). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005
Khoury, B., Sharma, M., Rush, S. E., & Fournier, C. (2015). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 78(6), 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.009
Lim, I. S. (2016). Correlation between salivary alpha-amylase, anxiety, and game records in the archery competition. J. Exerc. Nutr. Biochem., 20(4), 44.
Liu, J., Liu, T., & Sun, J. (2021). The impact of self-confidence, self-motivation and competitive state anxiety on attentional control in athletes in china. Journal of Sport Psychology, 30(1), 31–488.
Mehrsafar, A. H., Strahler, J., Gazerani, P., Khabiri, M., Sánchez, J. C. J., Moosakhani, A., & Zadeh, A. M. (2019). The effects of mindfulness training on competition-induced anxiety and salivary stress markers in elite Wushu athletes: A pilot study. Physiology and Behavior, 210(August), 112655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112655
Minkler, T. O., Glass, C. R., & Hut, M. (2021). Mindfulness training for a college team: Feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness from within an athletic department. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 33(6), 609–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1739169
Mohebi, M., Sadeghi‐bahmani, D., Zarei, S., Zandi, H. G., & Brand, S. (2022). Examining the effects of mindfulness–acceptance– commitment training on self‐compassion and grit among elite female athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010134
Mutohir, T. C., Jannah, M., Mulyana, O. P., & Dewi, N. W. S. P. (2017). Teknik Pelatihan Mental untuk Atlet Sepak Bola. Unesa University Press.
Ngo, V., Richards, H., & Kondric, M. (2017). A multidisciplinary investigation of the effects of competitive state anxiety on serve kinematics in table tennis. Journal of Human Kinetics, 55(1), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0008
Pineau, T. R., Glass, C. R., & Kaufman, K. A. (2014). Mindfulness in sport performance. In C. T. Ngnoumen & E. J. Langer (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness (pp. 1004–1034). Wiley-Blackwell.
Rahayuni, K. (2019). Psychological Demands and Cultural Sport Psychology in Indonesian Context. 2nd International Conference on Sports Sciences and Health 2018 (ICSSH 2018), 7, 91–97. https://doi.org/10.2991/icssh-18.2019.22
Robinson, P., & Cedenblad, M. (2019). Effects of a MAC Intervention on Performance and Well-being in Martial Arts Competitors Sports psychology. Halmstad University.
Sanada, K., Montero-Marin, J., Alda Díez, M., Salas-Valero, M., Pérez-Yus, M. C., Morillo, H., Demarzo, M. M., García-Toro, M., & García-Campayo, J. (2016). Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on salivary cortisol in healthy adults: A meta-analytical review. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 471. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00471
Scott-Hamilton, J., Schutte, N. S., & Brown, R. F. (2016). Effects of a Mindfulness Intervention on Sports-Anxiety, Pessimism, and Flow in Competitive Cyclists. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 8(1), 85–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12063
Thompson, R. W., Kaufman, K. A., de Petrillo, L. A., Glass, C. R., & Arnkoff, D. B. (2011). One Year Follow-Up of Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE) With Archers, Golfers, and Runners. In Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology (Vol. 5).
Trujillo-Torrealva, A., & Bossio, R. (2017). Mindfulness-Based Intervention Program to Reduce Anxiety Levels in Martial Arts Athletes. ISSP 14TH WORLD CONGRESS SEVILLA 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/621788
Vidic, Z., & Cherup, N. P. (2022). Take me into the ball game: an examination of a brief psychological skills training and mindfulness-based intervention with baseball players. International Journal of Sport and Exercise
Psychology, 20(2), 612–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2021.1891120
Walter, N., Nikoleizig, L., & Alfermann, D. (2019). Effects of self-talk training on competitive anxiety, self-efficacy, volitional skills, and performance: an intervention study with junior sub-elite athletes. Sports, 7(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7060148
Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101(1), 34–52. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.101.1.34
Yusoff, M. S. B. (2019). ABC of Content Validation and Content Validity Index Calculation. Education in Medicine Journal, 11(2), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.21315/eimj2019.11.2.6
Zhang, C. Q., Si, G., Duan, Y., Lyu, Y., Keatley, D. A., & Chan, D. K. C. (2016). The effects of mindfulness training on beginners’ skill acquisition in dart throwing: A randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 279–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.09.005
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.