Keywords
volleyball
underhand passing
learning outcomes
physical education
How to Cite
Abstract
Learning basic volleyball skills, particularly underhand passing, often presents challenges such as inconsistent movement execution and low student motivation. These issues highlight the need for instructional approaches that support both technical development and engagement. This study examines whether positive reinforcement can improve underhand passing performance among junior high school students. A quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test control group design was applied to 72 students aged 13–14 years, who were assigned to either an experimental or control group. Following tests of normality and homogeneity, paired and independent sample t-tests were used to analyze performance changes. The experimental group showed a 16.43% improvement, compared with 11.50% in the control group, and only the experimental group demonstrated a statistically significant gain. These findings suggest that positive reinforcement, such as verbal praise after correct arm contact or immediate acknowledgement following consistent passing repetitions, may contribute to more stable movement execution, sustained attentional focus, and greater student engagement. By addressing the limited number of experimental studies on reinforcement-based learning in volleyball passing skills, this study extends motor learning theory by providing evidence on how reinforcement supports feedback processing, movement pattern stabilization, and motivational learning environments. Practically, the results offer physical education teachers concrete guidance for integrating reinforcement-based strategies into school-based volleyball instruction.
References
Adjie Mas Achmad Nur Aulia Arifaen, Harwanto, & Karyono, H. (2020). Pengaruh Waktu Pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani Olahraga Dan Kesehatan (Pjok) Terhadap Tingkat Kebugaran Siswa Kelas V Mi Bahrul Ulum Sukodono Sidoarjo. Jurnal Kejaora (Kesehatan Jasmani Dan Olah Raga), 5(2), 93–96. https://doi.org/10.36526/kejaora.v5i2.1043
Anderson, D. I., Lohse, K. R., Lopes, T. C. V., & Williams, A. M. (2021). Individual differences in motor skill learning: Past, present and future. Human Movement Science, 78, 102818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2021.102818
Asmawi, M., Dewi, P. C. P., Khaeroni, & Pradityana, K. (2024). METODOLOGI PENILITIAN DALAM PENDIDIKAN OLAHRAGA. PT Media Penerbit Indonesia.
Burton, A. M., Eisenmann, J. C., Cowburn, I., Lloyd, R. S., Till, K., Burton, A. M., Eisenmann, J. C., Cowburn, I., Lloyd, R. S., Burton, A. M., Eisenmann, J. C., Cowburn, I., & Lloyd, R. S. (2021). Developing motor competency in youths : Perceptions and practices of strength and conditioning coaches conditioning coaches ABSTRACT. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(23), 2649–2657. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1949189
Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K., & Wyse, D. (2010). A Guide to Teaching Practice: 5th Edition. Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=SX7FBQAAQBAJ
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. SAGE Publications. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=eTwmDwAAQBAJ
Field, A. (2018). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. SAGE Publications. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=JIrutAEACAAJ
Giartama, G., Destriani, D., Waluyo, W., & Muslimin, M. (2020). Efektivitas alat tes servis bolavoli berbasis mikrokontroller. Jurnal SPORTIF : Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 6(2), 499–513. https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v6i2.14492
Gonz, G., & Zurita-ortega, F. (2019). Analysis of Motivational Climate, Emotional Intelligence, and Healthy Habits in Physical Education Teachers of the Future Using Structural Equations. Sustainability, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133740
Harahap, M. I., Bangun, S. Y., & Ritonga, D. (2025). Pengembangan model permainan aktivitas jasmani dalam meningkatkan kemampuan motorik anak usia 8 – 9 tahun di tingkat sekolah dasar. Jurnal Olahraga Pendidikan Indonesia (JOPI), 4(2), 90–102. https://doi.org/10.54284/jopi.v4i2.355
Harris, D. J., Arthur, T., Vine, S. J., Rahman, H. R. A., Liu, J., Han, F., & Wilson, M. R. (2023). The effect of performance pressure and error-feedback on anxiety and performance in an interceptive task. Front. Psychol, 12(May), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1182269
Koolwijk, P., Hoeboer, J., Mombarg, R., Savelsbergh, G. J. P., & de Vries, S. (2024). Fundamental movement skill interventions in young children: a systematic review. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 22(7), 1661–1683. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2023.2210597
Kurniawan, A., Usra, M., & Syafaruddin, S. (2022). Pengaruh Permainan Melempar Kaleng dan Permainan Lempar Bola Berekor Terhadap Peningkatan Hasil Lempar Lembing. Altius: Jurnal Ilmu Olahraga Dan Kesehatan, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.36706/altius.v11i2.19418
Lau, E., Hou, H. (Cynthia), Lai, J. H. K., Edwards, D., & Chileshe, N. (2021). User-centric analytic approach to evaluate the performance of sports facilities: A study of swimming pools. Journal of Building Engineering, 44(June), 102951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102951
Litem, G., Widiantari, N. L. G., Prananta, I. G. N. A. C., Laksana, A. A. N. P., 5)*, I. W. C., & 6), I. K. S. A. (2022). Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Jasmani Olahraga dan Kesehatan Pada Siswa Kelas VIII di SMPK 2 Harapan Untal-Untal , Dalung Kuta Utara , Badung. Jurnal Pendidikan Kesehatan Rekreasi, 8(1), 153–161. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5881371
Magill, R., & Anderson, D. (2024). Motor Learning and Control: Concepts and Applications (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Mariati, D. S., & Nugroho, S. (2024). Movement reinforcement factors related to children ’ s motor skills : a review study in sports education. Tanjungpura Journal of Coaching Research, 2(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.26418/tajor.v2i1.74751
Martinez, V. M. L., Cardozo, P., Kaefer, A., Wulf, G., & Chiviacowsky, S. (2024). Positive feedback enhances motivation and skill learning in adolescents. Learning and Motivation, 86, 101966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2024.101966
Nikolakakis, G. M., V., G., T., P., & S., R. (2020). Original Article: Effect of an intervention program that uses elastic bands on the improvement of the forehand topspin stroke in young table tennis athletes. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(3), 2189–2195. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.s3294
Parwata, I. M. Y. (2021). Pembelajaran Gerak Dalam Pendidikan Jasmani Dari Perspektif Merdeka Belajar. Indonesian Journal of Educational Development, 2(2), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5233331
Peralta, M., Gouveia, E., Ferrari, G., Catunda, R., Henriques-Neto, D., & Marques, A. (2023). Promoting Health-Related Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Physical Education: The Role of Lesson Context and Teacher Behavior in an Observational Longitudinal Study. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 42, 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2021-0132
Permana, H., Sukamti, E. R., & Prabowo, T. A. (2025). The impact of part-whole passing training on passing accuracy in volleyball athletes aged 10–14 years. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 29(5), 410–418. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2025.0504
Purnama, T. H., Rohman, U., & Prayogo. (2023). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran dan Motivasi Belajar terhadap Hasil Belajar Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran dan Motivasi Belajar terhadap Hasil Belajar Passing Bawah Bola Voli di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan. JIIP (Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan), 6(11), 9335–9341. https://doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v6i11.2652
Rink, J. (2019). Teaching Physical Education for Learning. McGraw-Hill Education. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Pf2ovgEACAAJ
Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T. D. (2019). Motor Learning and Performance: From Principles to Application. Human Kinetics.
Sturm, D. J., Bachner, J., Renninger, D., Haug, S., & Demetriou, Y. (2021). A cluster randomized trial to evaluate need-supportive teaching in physical education on physical activity of sixth-grade girls: A mixed method study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 54, 101902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101902
Sudaryanti, P., P., Arifiyanti, N., & Maharani, O. (2024). Pengembangan Kemampuan Motorik dan Sosial Emosional Anak Usia Dini Menggunakan Permainan Tradisional. Jurnal Pendidikan Anak, 13(1), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpa.v13i1.387
Suriadi, S., & Dewi, R. (2020). PENGEMBANGAN INSTRUMEN TES PASSING BOLAVOLI BERBASIS DIGITAL. JURNAL PRESTASI, 4, 9. https://doi.org/10.24114/jp.v4i1.16821
Syahruddin. (2022). The effect of learning methods and motivation on learning outcomes of long jump skills. Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 8(4), 426–439. https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v8i4.18904
Utama, D. D. P., Doewes, M., Ekawati, F. F., & Németh, Z. (2023). Student Learning Motivation in Physical Education Learning Based on Physical Activity: A High School Analysis Study. Indonesian Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 3(2), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.52188/ijpess.v3i2.445
Utami, D. J., Syafutra, W., & Remora, H. (2021). Pengaruh Pelatihan Senam Aerobic terhadap Penurunan Kadar Lemak Ibu-Ibu di Club Keke Studio di Kota Lubuklinggau. EDUKATIF : JURNAL ILMU PENDIDIKAN, 3(6). https://doi.org/10.31004/edukatif.v3i6.1395
Wulf, G., & Lewthwaite, R. (2021). Translating Thoughts Into Action: Optimising Motor Performance and Learning Through Brief Motivational and Attentional Influences. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(6), 535–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214211046199
Zhang, S., & Gan, C. (2025). Design of tennis auxiliary teaching system based on reinforcement learning and multi-feature fusion. PeerJ. Computer Science, 11, e3188. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3188
Zhao, M., Lu, X., Zhang, Q., Zhao, R., Wu, B., Huang, S., & Li, S. (2024). Effects of exergames on student physical education learning in the context of the artificial intelligence era: a meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57357-8
Zhou, Y., Shao, W. De, & Wang, L. (2021). Effects of Feedback on Students ’ Motor Skill Learning in Physical Education : A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph18126281
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Deddy Whinata Kardiyanto, Bambang Wijanarko, Wasis Himawanto