The Effect of low impact aerobic gymnastics on improving physical fitness in students

The importance of physical fitness as one of the supporting factors for student activities needs to be considered. Importance of physical fitness requires improvement and defense in its condition. Providing physical activity is one of the factors that can improve students' physical fitness. This study aimed to determine the effect of low-impact aerobic gymnastics on improving student fitness. This research method uses a pre-experimental design using one group pretest-posttest without using variable control. The study subjects used the Proportionate stratified random sampling technique by taking male students aged 13-15 in junior high school. The research instrument uses the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test to measure strength, speed, endurance, strength, and power. Data analysis techniques use normality and homogeneity prerequisite tests, and to determine the influence on variables using t-tests, data analysis procedures use SPSS 25. The results of the study said The results of calculations using the t-test approach method obtained 0.841. This result is greater than Ttabel, which amounted to 1,701 because the results of the analysis said there was a significant effect of low-impact aerobic exercise on physical fitness. This study concludes that low-impact aerobic exercise can improve students' physical fitness.


INTRODUCTION
Physical fitness is something that every human being must have.
Good physical fitness will positively impact humans in carrying out daily activities without feeling excessive fatigue and not even causing health problems. Physical freshness is the ability or ability possessed by a person to do work efficiently without experiencing significant fatigue and still be able to enjoy free time well (Hidayat, 2019). Physical fitness is a person's quality to carry out activities according to his job optimally without causing health Waluyo The Effect of low impact aerobic gymnastics on improving physical fitness in Students https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v9i1.19982 9 (2) 2023 | [185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194][195][196][197] problems and excessive fatigue . Based on the experts above, physical fitness is a dynamic, healthy degree of a person to carry out his activities optimally without causing health problems and excessive fatigue.
Physical education should not be separated from the overall purpose of education. In particular, physical education aims to achieve educational goals through physical activity. Doing planned and measurable physical activity allows students to improve their physical fitness. Students who do not have good physical fitness will not learn well because of a lack of enthusiasm for learning, dizziness, and sleepiness.
Physical education is a pedagogical model given that learning teams with mixed abilities work together so that all colleagues benefit from advantages and experience. Physical education gives students sufficient time to improve their skills and determine how to meet the team parts for a successful sports education season. Related to the student's perceptions of physical education, most agreed that they like sports, and some preferred sports activities carried out in the form of games. They expected that by attending physical education, they could excel in sports. They also expected that the teachers would provide a sense of security and that the learning method would provide interesting activities (Nugraha et al., 2022). Physical education is a curriculum developed in physical education programs at the elementary, junior high, and high school levels. This method provides a more authentic sports experience, which is more enjoyable for children and teenagers and goes beyond what is usually seen in physical education classes. The purpose of physical education is to make students experienced in physical education programs from grades four to 12 to be sufficiently skilled in various sports, dance, and fitness activities; more likely to be and remain engaged in physical activity during discretionary time; able to distinguish between good and bad sports practices whether in youth, school, or community sports; and more likely to engage with local sports organizations as adults to ensure that child and youth sports programs are designed to improve the well-being of those participating. Thus, sports Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran,9 (2)  Promoting physical activity (PA) and healthy lifestyles has become a worldwide priority for public health authorities (Organization, 2018). Schools are critical for acting with children and adolescents to achieve this priority.
Through physical education (PE), schools allow youths to be physically active and promote healthy lifestyles (Coledam & Ferraiol, 2017). Increased fitness can occur if students are given additional activities that involve physical, giving physical activity shows can improve fitness in students.
Physical fitness is the body's ability to work effectively and efficiently. It is related to a person's ability to work efficiently, enjoy leisure time, and be healthy and strong in status over a lifetime. Physical fitness is the ability to lead a balanced and complete inventory life, or it can be considered to perform daily tasks without fatigue and high energy consumption. In addition to physical health, a person must possess such good attributes as human behavior based on moral principles. Physical education programs seriously consider physical fitness and try to improve physical fitness and overall wellbeing.
Fit individuals with good body health quality will be able to present in daily activities to increase productivity levels (Hidayat, 2019). Physical fitness has several components, namely heart endurance or the freshness of the heart, lung, and blood vessel systems to grow optimally, then muscle strength (strength), the body's ability to use endurance. (Pan & Mcnamara, 2022) The health of this body is said to be the same as the expertise to have in order to be able to undergo activities without facing significant fatigue, the health of the body in individuals has benefits as well as participating, such as additional energy for their activities. Physical fitness is important to support activities, especially for children with many activities.
Daily physical education's positive effects on physical fitness development in primary school children. Since only schools can reach all children over a prolonged period, daily structured exercise and physical education could provide a viable option for promoting physical fitness at young ages. Given the beneficial association between physical fitness and physical activity, this may facilitate higher physical activity throughout childhood and potentially into adolescence (Greier et al., 2020;Marques et al., 2022). Research on physical fitness has been carried out, one of which is by (Kljajević et al., 2022), who explain that Physical activity positively affects the development and maintenance of fitness and physical activity.
As far as students from different faculties, this study suggests that further investigation should be carried out to promote daily exercise, as it can benefit students' physical fitness and health-related activities. In addition, Chen et al. (2018), Given the significant role of physical fitness for participating in physical activity during physical education and recess, as well as playing sports/dances outside school, this study suggests that physical activity teachers should use a balanced approach to teach a variety of fitness-enhancing games and physical activities.
The type of physical activity is suitable for children to obtain physical health and fitness or freshness is the best gymnastics training. Maintaining and increasing fitness or physical freshness can be done by exercising in the form of gymnastics, which is done repeatedly with a frequency of exercise 3 to 5 times per week with a minimum time of 15 to 25 minutes. Puspodari et al. (2022) argue that rhythmic gymnastics is carried out to channel a sense of art or beauty to foster and improve the art of movement.
Gymnastics activities will impact children's physical freshness, which is in accordance with research conducted by Sukmawati et al. (2021). Physical activity these gymnastics is that the physical activity applied can be used by teachers of the Early Childhood Education Program as a reference in learning early childhood movements, especially in kindergarten children, to make it more fun, and can improve children's physical fitness. Furthermore, according to , Participation in 16 weeks/of meetings of gymnastics activities targeting rhythmic movement skills development and basic gymnastic exercises, the health-related physical fitness levels of children with IDD increased. In addition, compared to the pretest, significant improvements were reported for most physical fitness parameters, such as muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and explosive strength.
In field observations, students lack physical activity, besides that, they have just been in the transition period of the pandemic and activity restrictions, so students feel that their fitness is not maintained and lack physical activity. This is seen by some students feeling exhausted when given physical activity, whose duration is very short. Currently, the biggest problem is that many students do passive activities with many activities such as playing with gadgets and doing a sedentary lifestyle. This makes the younger generation, especially students in schools, unaware of the amount of physical activity replaced by technology, thus making the factors lazy to do physical movement activities, especially elementary school students.
This study aims to determine the effect of gymnastics exercises created by Indonesian children on improving students' physical fitness.

METHOD
This study is a pre-experimental design study with a design form using one group pretest-posttest design because researchers do not use control variables, and samples are not randomly selected so that the study results will show an increase in physical fitness before and after being given low-impact aerobic exercise treatment.
The research design used was one group pretest-posttest design, and experiments were carried out only on one group without a comparison group. Research design in the form of pictures as follows: The subjects in this study were 30 students with an average age of

RESULT
The results of this study are presented in a description of the data processing results by taking on the study results. The study involved 30 junior high school students with male gender. The results of the data were obtained from the initial test by looking at the physical fitness of students aged 13-15 years using the Indonesian physical fitness test instrument, and this was done to determine the results of physical fitness before being given treatment in the form of low impact aerobic gymnastics. They are, furthermore, giving this treatment for 16 meetings by conducting 3 meetings for a week. Furthermore, after the treatment is given to students, a posttest is carried out to determine the development of the student's physical fitness condition after being given treatment.   Based on these results can proceed to calculate the hypothesis t-test. The result of the calculation using the t-test approach method obtained 0.841. This result is greater than Ttabel, which amounted to 1,701 because the results of the analysis said there was a significant effect of lowimpact aerobic exercise on physical fitness. Consistent evidence shows that regular physical activity has numerous benefits for youth, including improved cognitive, emotional, social, and physical health. Despite these benefits, fewer than 60 percent of children (ages 6-11) and 30 percent of adolescents (ages 12-15) in the US report meeting national physical activity guidelines, with notable differences by sex, race and ethnicity, and location (Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2018). According to (Arghaya Mondal, 2015), gymnastics is a physical activity carried out as a separate sport or as training for other sports. According to Lambourne et al. (2013), gymnastics is done to channel a sense of art or beauty to build and improve the art of movement. Unlike other sports, which generally measure activity on certain objects, gymnastics refers to a form of motion done with an integrated and incarnate combination of every part of the body from the components of motor abilities such as strength, speed, balance, agility, and accuracy. It can be concluded that gymnastics is a sport that strings together movements by following certain music. It can be done as a training method to measure object activity according to the selected components. According to Dewi & Rifki (2020), Aerobic exercise regularly and measurably can shape the body to be more proportional, beautiful to look at and cause attractiveness, where body composition shows the ratio of a collection of muscles, bones, fat, and fluids. According to Herbert et al. (2020), aerobic exercise is carried out continuously with moderate to sub-maximal intensity using energy produced through the body's aerobic metabolic processes. Low-impact aerobic exercise can also increase physical fitness but not as high as high-impact exercise, this is because the components of physical condition that can be developed are only focused on leg strength and endurance and motivation of low-exercise participants because movements in following slow music rhythms tend to be boring. However, aerobic exercise with low impact has advantages, among others, the movements carried out are not too difficult, so all ages easily adapt to them, and concentration will be centered on all exercise activities without any hesitation in doing movements.  .

DISCUSSION
This research proves that providing physical activity to students in addition to providing new knowledge and experience for students to do more physical activity. Physical activity according to (Coledam & Ferraiol, 2017) that physical activity carried out by students contributes to improving student fitness and motivation. The study also provided input for teachers and parents to provide additional physical activity to support children's health.
The limitations of this study are the limited number of subjects involved in the study and the characteristics of the research subjects. Therefore, researchers suggest increasing the number of subjects and characteristics of future findings so that they are formative. Subjects whose characteristics use male sex and the age of subjects 13-15 years so that in the future, it is necessary to increase the sex or age of subjects. Given the importance of physical fitness to be examined more deeply with various variables that can Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran,9 (2)  other factors need to be investigated to understand better the impact of physical exercise in the form of gymnastics for student development.

CONCLUSION
These findings show that low-impact gymnastics can effectively improve the physical fitness of students aged 13-15 years. Physical activity in the form of gymnastics is a positive way to improve physical fitness by doing low-impact aerobic exercise to improve physical fitness. The results of this study can also be a reference for various physical activities that can be done to improve physical fitness. This study is limited to a small number of subjects in the future in order to be more varied so that the next researcher is to develop the number and other research variables related to child growth and development.