Sports education model (SEM) on students' motivation and physical activity in classroom: A literature review

Siedentop developed the Sports Education Model (SEM) to provide students with sports knowledge. As research on SEM has continued, attention has focused on (a) student motivation and (b) opportunities for physical activity in physical education classes. This study contains a literature review related to the Sport Education Model (SEM) on motivation and physical activity to provide evidence to support the idea that this model can achieve physical education learning. This study used 20 journals from 6 databases, namely Google Scholar, Sage Journal, Taylor & Francis, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate


INTRODUCTION
The Sports Education Model (SEM) is an educational program and model that helps students become active and healthy and promotes a comprehensive experience.SEM effectively provides students with physical education's cognitive, emotional, and psychomotor aspects.The results showed that students who experienced SEM had higher to moderate physical activity levels (Rocamora et al., 2019).Other studies have shown that increasing physical activity increases men's overall participation in physical activity and aerobic exercise (Cawley et al., 2013).Participation is a social goal that determines the choice of leisure-time physical activity for young people and a way to create opportunities for social connections that are developed in effective curricular programs (Wallhead et al., 2013).
Physical education promotes an intellectual climate, and students experience greater independence, competence, and connection than in traditional physical education methods, which naturally facilitates selfmotivation in physical education (Chu & Zhang, 2018).Research student motivation in PE and find the positive effects of Physical Education in increasing motivation (Perlman & Caputi, 2017).Motivating students who are more engaged in physical education show greater enjoyment in physical education (Perlman & Caputi, 2017).In addition, motivation in physical education can also provide other benefits, including improved social skills, self-confidence, and positive attitudes (De Meyer et al., 2014).
The development of student's social skills and physical activity is also observed.Group participation is an important part of this development, as it helps develop students' good communication, assertiveness, cooperation, empathy, independence, and relationships (Book et al., 2020).The feeling of being part of a team and the unity it creates also helps promote fair play, pride, and motivation among students (Wahl-Alexander et al., 2016).A previous study found that SEM improved student enjoyment and satisfaction in promoting physical education (Cuevas et al., 2016) this is particularly important for increasing student motivation (Perlman, 2012b).
Physical activity is also linked to the statement that some physical activities do not allow students to be physically active.Therefore, strategies to meet these needs are essential.To help students stay active in a physical education class, teachers must make the class effective with the right teaching strategies.One of the tools that can help teachers in learning is using models (Ginanjar et al., 2019).Evidence regarding the potential of SEM to support the recommended minimum levels of MVPA during PE.

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More importantly, the program proved to be an effective tool to promote equal participation, as girls and boys demonstrated similar levels of MVPA, exceeding the minimum recommended levels for physical education classes (Puente-Maxera et al., 2021).
Several studies highlight that SEM can improve students' skill levels, perceived competence, and tactical knowledge (Pereira et al., 2014), as well as their participation and motivation (Evangelio et al., 2018) compared to other educational frameworks Nonetheless, many studies have shown similar improvements in sports learning within the same structure (Pereira et al., 2014), and their participation and enthusiasm (Evangelio et al., 2018) compared to other learning frameworks.Nonetheless, many studies have shown similar improvements in sports learning across both structures (Hastie & Casey, 2014;Hastie & Wallhead, 2016).When considering student skill levels and the impact of SEM on student outcomes, the study did not conclude: (1) less engaged students experience greater motivation and inclusion (Perlman & Caputi, 2017); (2) students with intermediate skill levels experienced more significant improvement (Mahedero et al., 2015); dan (3) both male and female students of all skill levels experienced improvements (Hastie & Wallhead, 2016).In all cases, students with high levels of ability as student leaders appear to play an essential role in helping other students (Burstiando, 2015).Some of the above research results show that SEM supports students' game performance and tactical knowledge by increasing their abilities.However, when SEM is combined with other models, such as Teaching Games for Understanding (TGFU) or Innovation Game Competency Model (IGCM), have different effects, as such complex frameworks can also lead to negative consequences for students' understanding of tactical principles.
Some of the results above show that SEM promotes students' play and cognitive skills by improving their abilities.However, integrating SEM with other models, such as the Teaching Game Competency Model (TGFU) or the Innovation Game Competency Model (IGCM) (Farias et al., 2015), is  (Evangelio et al., 2018).
This systematic review is organized around the impact of SEM on motivation and physical activity in physical education classes.It is considered a process in physical education learning that should be considered, as well as examining the differences in physical activity between students motivated to take part in SEM versus other learning models in physical education classes.For all of the above, the purpose of this article is to provide an updated international systematic review of the implementation of SEM on motivation and physical activity in physical education classes to identify new trends in research.

METHOD
The research method used is the literature review.The literature review includes reviews, summaries, and author opinions on various documents (articles, books, slides, websites, etc.).This data analysis aims to explore the use of the Sports Education Model (SEM) in physical education classes.The analysis used in this literature review includes four steps that must be followed sequentially to provide an optimal answer to the research question.The steps for verifying this information are as follows.1) Research and collect data with SEM content for motivation and physical

RESULT
This literature review will examine how the sports education model affects students' motivation and physical activity in the classroom.This literature review also summarizes and compares articles on sport education models on motivation and physical activity.There are 10 other articles discussing research on sport education models on motivation in Table 1 and sport education models on physical activity in Table 2.
The review revealed that the sports education model (SEM) requires students to play a variety of roles rather than the usual sports role of players, so students become more physically motivated and more active.

DISCUSSION
The Sports Education Model (SEM) is an educational model that educators can use to promote the empowerment and enjoyment of sports in schools (Montoya et al., 2020).This sports education model is designed to allow students to practice sports as part of school sports (Tendinha et al., 2021).This literature review suggests that SEM is more effective than other physical education programs in promoting physical activity and positive attitudes.This model seems to keep students more interested and motivated, especially in physical education (Burstiando, 2015;Hartono et al., 2014;Hernández-Andreo et al., 2020;Kao & Luo, 2019;Liang et al., 2016;Manninen & Campbell, 2022;Montoya et al., 2020;Perlman, 2012bPerlman, , 2012a;;Tendinha et al., 2021).In order to provide students with physical activity that promotes physical change, research has shown that student physical activity is higher in SEM classes than in SDG classes (Perlman, 2012c).
Promote physical activity through support to influence the interests and skills of students in schools, from early childhood to secondary school (Suwandaru & Hidayat, 2021).This review suggests that sports education (SEM) provides a competitive environment to increase students' motivation to participate in physical education.Research reveals a relationship between motivation and students' behavioral emotions (Liang et al., 2016).
The sports education method (SEM) has many benefits and advantages that standardized education cannot provide.These standards significantly impact student motivation and the development of student attitudes and behaviors (Montoya et al., 2020).The Sports Learning Model (SEM) makes an important distinction between motivation, self-appraisal, investment in Encouraging physical activity during free time at school (recess, lunch, and class changes) is crucial.Initiation of physical activity, such as jogging, is associated with cardiometabolic biomarkers, as seen in children in the United States (Kirby et al., 2013).To improve physical strength, selfawareness influenced by various personal (motivation, enjoyment, selfefficacy) and environmental (open space) factors must be done (Payán et al., 2019).
Physical education helps students prepare well, but physical education can only be done with good sports (Wallhead et al., 2014).
Research shows that SEM provides many opportunities for students to develop independence in sports lessons with high responsibility and participation.In this context, SEM can be seen as an important tool for changing PA expectations and participation patterns when using SEM in PE lessons (Tendinha et al., 2021).Moreover, physical education teachers need to understand this concept.Other research has shown that physical education teachers can use SEM to develop effective teaching strategies for low-motivation students (Kao & Luo, 2019).The results of a parallel study revealed that the sports education model was associated with SDT and AGT to increase secondary school students' motivation.However, to increase students' motivation in sports and physical education, teachers are encouraged to use the sports lesson model (SEM) as an alternative teaching method (Chu & Zhang, 2018).
Sports education models (SEM) conducted in schools are seen as an important strategy to increase student's physical activity and contribute to the implementation of recommendations on a daily basis (Casado-Robles et al., 2020).In the competitive phase of SEM, physical activity may decline due to reduced physical activity (Lutfi Nur, 2019).Physical education should promote physical activity for students as they review results provide evidence that SEM can promote MVPA at least as much as recommended in physical education.This model is a good tool to encourage greater activity; 2) reduce and code, filter, and classify the data according to the discussion; 3) Analysis and connection of information about the information received, research, and investigation; 4) The final stage of the thesis examination, the stage of presenting the conclusions and explaining the novelty of the research.The researchers obtained information in this study from a number of research papers in research articles published in national and international journals.Data was collected online via Google Scholar, Taylor & Francis, Sage Journal, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, and Academi.edu.Then, we read and selected the articles one by one until obtaining 20 research articles that served as samples in this literature review.The criteria for selecting Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 9 Search for articles on the topic of Sport Education Model (SEM) articles Article reduction: articles published 2012-2023.Coding articles: grouping articles according to the topics discussed Analyze the articles obtained and dig up information on each article.Synthesis and preparation of discussion framework results from Taylor & Francis (2012-2023 years) : Title and Abstract (n = 37.125).Google Scholar (2012-2023 years) : Title and Abstract (n = 1.040)Full articles meeting the criteria (n = 20) Conclusion and external control, making the Sport Education Model (SEM) best for increasing motivation(Hernández-Andreo et al., 2020).

Table 1 .
Sport education model literature of motivation

Table 2 .
Literature sports education model of physical activity