Development of imagery and self-talk exercises to improve the shooting game ability of Nusantara petanque club athletes

This study aimed to develop imagery exercises to improve the shooting game skills of Nusantara Petanque Club athletes. This research and development use the Research and Development method with the modified ADDIE model. (1) needs analysis, (2) product design, and (3) expert validation tests carried out by three validators, namely psychologists, petanque coaching experts, and petanque trainer experts. A needs analysis was conducted through direct interviews with Nusantara Petanque Club trainers. From the needs analysis results, three mental exercise products are packaged in an audio podcast, including imagery relaxation, self-talk, and anxiety. After the product has been made, an expert validation test is carried out by three validators, namely (1) a psychologist, (2) a petanque coaching expert (3) a petanque trainer expert. The validation results for relaxation imagery podcast audio get 85.71%, self-talk audio podcast at 85.71%, and anxiety podcast audio get 85.71%. Then, we tested the product in groups of 5 athletes who were randomly selected based on ability. In the group test, the results for relaxation, self-talk, and anxiety podcasts were 92.13%. Based on the small group test, the audio podcast product is declared feasible and can be used.


INTRODUCTION
Achievement is an important thing that needs to be considered in sports because the factor that affects the success of sports is the discipline of athletes. Some aspects that determine the creation of exemplary achievements are facilities and infrastructure to support training, the psychological state experienced by athletes, the skill abilities possessed by athletes, and physical abilities (Effendi, 2016). Meanwhile, according to (Pityn et al., 2019), to maintain athletes' training performance, the components that need to be considered to improve achievement are mental, physical, technical, and tactical exercises. Of the four components, of course, they must be interrelated and related in order to create exemplary achievements. The athlete's achievements are challenging without one of Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 8 (3) 2022| 86-99 ISSN : 2477 (Online)  ISSN : 2548-7833 (Print) 87 the four components. To support the achievements of athletes, mental or psychological roles can determine a person's ability in a match (Schmaltz et al., 2017). Psychological factors are essential in determining achievement because 80% of success is determined by this factor (Adisasmito, 2007).
Disorders experienced by athletes that often occur are psychological factors, including feeling anxious, difficulty concentrating, and not being confident.
Petanque sport is a sport that requires accuracy and accuracy in throwing an iron ball with both feet must be in a circle (Sutrisna et al., 2018).
This sport is classified as a simple sport because this sport can be played by all circles of society and is not limited to age groups (Sinaga et al., 2019).
This sport can be played anywhere and anytime because this game does not require a large field and can be played in a field with hard, grassy soil and other soils. However, it uses hard-textured soil for national or international competitions (Pelana, 2016).
In petanque games, two basic techniques are essential to pay attention to, including shooting and pointing. Pointing in petanque games is a technique of delivering an iron ball as close as possible to the target ball / wooden ball, while shooting in petanque games is a technique of delivering an iron ball to keep the opponent's iron ball close to the target ball (Boka) (Sutrisna et al., 2018). So with this, the difficulty in shooting in a petanque game is excellent compared to pointing because shooting requires good accuracy and concentration to hit the target perfectly (Lubis & Permadi, 2020). Thus, it is necessary to do mental training, namely imagery and selftalk, which leads to the psychology of athletes in shooting (Irmansyah et al., 2018).
Imagery is a brain language focusing on increasing mental strength and emotional feelings (Rohman & Tausikal, 2017). Imagery is a form of image in mind and is carried out consciously to achieve goals and solve problems (Iswana, 2019). The benefits of imagery are repeating new movements and improving concentration, self-confidence, emotional control, practice skills, and strategies (Akbar et al., 2019). According to Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran,8 (3)  88 Hidayat et al. (2019), imagery exercises greatly influence the improvement of athletes' skills, strategies to be used in games, and athletes' preparation to look confident. Self-talk is a mental exercise in which a person talks to himself to influence himself to form a strategy in terms of sports (Pratama et al., 2020). When the athlete does self-talk, he will feel an emotional reaction which will make the whole body comfortable and calm because the muscles throughout the body relax, which can affect the athlete's appearance (Putra & Jannah, 2017  training has a significant influence of 25.09% (Nurhayati, 2019). And imagery training also significantly impacts the sport of gymnastics (Firmansyah, 2011 been many championship events in Jakarta, Central Java, Semarang, Bali and many more. The championship that followed in petanque sports, whose character is a sport that requires concentration, the Nusantara Petanque Club itself has implemented technical, tactical, physical, and mental training.
Nusantara Petanque Club applies mental training by visualizing videos in its mental training. Besides that, athletes must have idols to imitate the style of play and also be able to motivate themselves. Then athletes are also encouraged to develop themselves through self-talk, managing anxiety when competing, and relaxing.
Research conducted by (Linggar et al., 2021) in the martial arts sport shows that the development of imagery training can have an effect on increasing self-confidence in athletes, but the research still has limitations, namely the scrip developed is still generally not yet specific. Furthermore, yoga training is also carried out to increase concentration so athletes can master themselves and control breathing. However, mental training has not been integrated into the training schedule, and athletes do mental training independently only. So from the previous research, research was carried out on the development of imagery exercises in a more specific petanque sport. Researchers tried to develop three imagery exercise products packaged in the form of audio podcasts: imagery relaxation, self-talk, and anxiety.

METHOD
The method used in this study is to use the Research and Development (R&D) method. Research and development (research and development) is a method that produces or develops a particular product to suit the needs and can be directly utilized (Haryanto et al., 2015).
This research and development aim to create a product in the form of audio podcast imagery to improve shooting skills in petanque sports. In this research and development method, researchers use the ADDIE model 90 development method (Anglada, 2007) for the procedures carried out, including 1) analysis stage, 2) design, 3) development, 4) implementation, and 5) evaluation stage. However, researchers used a modified ADDIE model.  Qualitative data were obtained through interviews with Nusantara Petanque Club coaches and questionnaires filled out by athletes.
Meanwhile, quantitative data is obtained through expert validation tests.

Needs Analysis Results
Based Furthermore, the results of the data analysis are used to design the product.

Product Development Phase
When making a product, of course, requiring excellent and careful planning is an essential part of making a product. The thing that must be done in making a product is to make a product design in the form of a script.
What must be considered and considered in making a product is 5 W (What,  (Fadli, 2016). The ease in the era of globalization to access media can be understood by athletes, and the increase in audio visualizations is expected to make it easier for athletes to provide training facilities that are easier to understand.
This product has advantages and disadvantages. The strength of this product is easily accessible. It can be used anytime and anywhere using electronic telecommunications devices such as laptops, mobile phones, computers and others as long as the device is connected to the internet network. Meanwhile, the disadvantage of this product is that it is difficult to do in a crowded place because this podcast audio must be done in a quiet and comfortable place. However, the solution to overcome the problem can be finding a quiet place to minimize the disturbances.

Expert Validation Test Results
Three validators validate this product: one psychologist, one petanque coaching expert, and one petanque trainer expert. The aspects assessed or validated are: (1) the suitability of the product's shooting ability; (2) the suitability of the products for athletes at the range of 12-20 years; (3) the suitability of the product with tone and rhythm for imagery, (4) the attractiveness of the discussion material for the exercises of imagery  The validation test results carried out by the three validators are then revised according to the validator's suggestions and comments so that the product is better to reach the final product and can be continued at the group test stage.

Group Trial Results
This product experiment was carried out on five athletes of the Nusantara Petanque Club. The assessment of aspects is about: (1) the suitability of the products to improve shooting ability, (2) the suitability of the products for athletes in the range of 12-20 years, and (3) the suitability of the product with tone and rhythm for imagery, (4) the attractiveness of the products for athletes at the range 12-20 years, (5) background noise/back sound, (6) clarity of tone of voice, and (7) sentence collapse. The data processing results using Tse showed that the relaxation imagery podcast obtained 92.13%, which belonged to the excellent category. Self-talk podcasts obtained 92.13% in the very good category, and anxiety management podcasts obtained 92.13% in the reasonably good category.
Thus it can be concluded that the three products belong to the category of valid and usable.

Final Product Specifications
The research and development results show that three imagery training audio products can be produced as podcasts useful for improving shooting game skills in petanque sports at the Nusantara Petanque Club.  There is a guide to doing the exercises. • A form of exercise imagery.

•
The correct shooting technique.
• Imagery Rilaksasi = some exercises relax the muscles • Self-Talk = There is a positive self-talk exercise to increase intrinsic motivation in the athlete.
• Anxiety = There are anxiety exercises to overcome tension and anxiety in athletes.

DISCUSSION
This research aims to develop this imagery exercise supplement to improve the shooting game ability of Nusantara Petanque Club athletes, which is packaged in the form of an audio podcast consisting of three podcasts: an imagery podcast, a self-talk podcast, and an anxiety podcast audio. All of those contain mental training materials suitable for the needs of the athletes. However, several essential things must be considered in developing a product. Firstly, podcast audio must be designed as attractively and as similar as possible according to actual conditions in the field. An athlete can perform perfect shooting movements by practising continuously and consistently. At this time, many coaches from various sports use a repetition method (drill) that is often used (Chairullah et al., 2018 Similar studies have also been conducted that imagery exercises are applicable during exercise. Previous research (Linggar et al., 2021) found that imagery exercises are very influential in increasing self-confidence in martial arts athletes in the sparring category. The same thing is also done by (Amin et al., 2022) that imagery training can improve lay-up shoot skills in basketball. Meanwhile (Nurhayati, 2019) concluded that imagery training significantly influences. According to (Firmansyah, 2011), imagery exercises significantly influence gymnastics skills.
Meanwhile, in football, imagery training is very influential on shooting skills. The same thing is also done by (Wibowo & Rahayu, 2016) imagery training also affects shooting athletes. However, research about imagery training supplements in audio podcasts specialized to Petanque is still dearth. This study would add more diversity to the field of imagery application in sports, specifically to a particular skill of petanque.
This research and development have strengths and weaknesses.
The strength is (1) the resulting product provides convenience in practising imagery self-talk, anxiety, and imagery relaxation.
(2) Imagery exercises packaged as audio podcasts can enhance shooting in petanque sports.
However, the weakness of this product is (1) the limited shooting category of petanque sports.
(2) limited to topics of imagery, self-talk, and anxiety.
(3) this development only reached the stage of validation tests, not yet 97 reaching the stage of group tests and product effectiveness tests through a series of experimental procedures.

CONCLUSION
From the research and development results, it can be concluded that this development has produced three imagery training products, namely imagery relaxation, self-talk, and anxiety which are packaged in the form of audio podcasts. Of the three products that have been produced, three expert validators have undergone the stages of expert validation tests and group tests that have received excellent and suitable categories for use.
Finally, it can be concluded that the audio podcast produced is by the needs in the field and can be used by all athletes of the petanque club.