Fundamental movement skills and physical activity of children in low-income families

The purpose of the study was to determine the level of physical activity and basic movement skills in low-income families. The method used in this study is a quantitative descriptive method through surveys. The study sample included 32 children aged ± 9 years, consisting of 19 boys and 13 girls from low-income families. Sampling techniques use purposive sampling. The instruments used in the study were the population income category, the 2nd Edition Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD), and the Instrument Physical Activities Questionnaire (IPAQ). The results showed that children in low-income families tend to have a body mass index underweight (thin), and basic movement skills are lacking. But in physical activity, boys tend to be moderate, and children tend to be low (low). This study is expected to be data on physical activity and basic movement skills in children from low-income families to be followed up through various activity programs in schools.


INTRODUCTION
Basic movement skills are important in the development of a person's movement. These basic movement skills will affect various physical activities in the future. Fundamental movement skills (FMS) are the basic movements and motor skills necessary to participate in various physical activities. Generally, at the age of 6 years, the basic movement is controlled by children (Gallahue, Ozmun, & Goodway, 2012). Growth and development cannot be separated. Weight growth and the development of basic movement skills will affect each other. Excess body mass indexes have a negative effect on sprint skill levels.
Age groups and genders also affect mastery of basic movement skills. This information is important in understanding how age, gender, and weight status can affect children as they develop in school and affect the Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran,7 (3) 2021 | 522-534 ISSN : 2477-3379 (Online) ISSN : 2548-7833 (Print) development of basic skills (Bryant, Duncan, & Birch, 2014). It's also an opportunity for children to be and feel physically competent needs to happen early on in their school or preschool life (Williams et al., 2012).
Physical activity in school, especially in learning tailors, should be designed to contribute to the child. The results showed a relationship of basic movement skills with child health. There is also a positive relationship between basic levels of movement skills and physical activity and fitness. In addition, it was also found the best relationship between basic movement skills with weight (Hardy, Espinel, Reinten-Reynolds, Zask, & Okely, 2012).
The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents from low-income families in the United States has been significant concern over the past 20 years. A major contributor to this problem is the lack of physical activity (Vidoni & Ignico, 2011). Research in Indonesia shows significant results between nutritional staus with basic movement skills, especially locomotor (Antoni & Bakhtiar, 2019).
The school environment and the family's socioeconomic status were found to be factors that affect the child's motor skills (Sumarno, Stephani, & Wibowo, 2018). Socioeconomic status has a direct positive effect on early childhood nutritional status. The family's socioeconomic status, including income, education, and family work, will have a direct impact on the nutritional status of the child. Children whose nutritional status is poorer come from children who come from low-income families and parents with low education (Anita & Myrnawati, 2016). Research (Astuti & Irdawati, 2011) concluded that socioeconomic factors are one of the real factors that result in malnutrition, poor housing conditions and environmental sanitation, unavailability of clean water, and the presence of infectious diseases.
Overall factors can affect the daily provision of food, including the menu and the amount for each family. As indicated by low household incomes, low socioeconomic status can limit access to adequate food, especially for older children. Parents and caregivers may need dietary guidelines to ensure the quantity and quality of adequate home-cooked food supply and foster healthy eating habits in children (Shariff et al., 2015). In addition, there is a meaningful relationship between economic status and nutritional status.
Families have less income, and it can be interpreted that to buy food needs, nutritional conditions for families are also less good (Helina, 2016). Due to the low quality of nutrition and its adverse effects, especially on communities with low socioeconomic status and villagers, the quality of nutrition, especially in the poor, must be improved with appropriate interventions to reduce disparities in the community (Amini, 2021). Low-income households buy less healthy food compared to high-income households. Food purchase patterns can mediate income differences in food intake quality (French, Tangney, Crane, Wang, & Appelhans, 2019).
Research (Martin & McCullagh, 2011) found that adolescents spend thus leading to a lower risk of obesity behavior (Gu, 2016). By having basic movement skills early on, children will likely participate in various physical activities towards an active lifestyle and avoid diseases caused by lack of movement.
Age, gender, physical activity, and preschool-based programs are positive determinants of FMS in preschool-aged children (Iivonen & Sääkslahti, 2014). The social-ecological correlation of basic movement skills in children is multidimensional and complex and varies according to specific skill types at the child, family, and environmental levels.
Longitudinal research is needed to determine the relationship between the correlations highlighted in this study and basic motion skills (Zeng, Johnson, Boles, & Bellows, 2019a). The study aims to uncover basic movement skills and physical activity in low-income families.

METHOD
The research method used in the study is a correlational descriptive method between low-income families with fundamental movement skills and physical activity. With a population of 3rd-grade elementary school students in Cluster IV of Ciwidey with the sample involved in this study, Bandung Subdistrict amounted to 32 people who came from families with low-income categories. To get research data, the author performs several steps. The first step is to determine the classification of children based on their family income. To obtain data based on low-income categories, the authors used questionnaires given to students filled based on parental income. Sampling technique using purposive sampling with a total of 32 people. This study was conducted in Bandung subdistrict with a sample involved in this study of 32 people from families with low-income categories. Quantitative data analysis using SPSS 20. To get research data, the author performs several steps. The first step is to determine the classification of children based on their family income. The instrument used is a category of payment of the population with criteria (Alvara Research Center, 2017) as follows: To measure the physical activity of the instrument used, Step Three is a notes instrument, which is a questionnaire that refers to The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). IPAQ is divided into two versions, namely long form and short form (IPAQ, 2005). The recommended version for national monitoring is a short-form version that contains questions regarding physical activity over the past 7 days (Craig et al., 2003;Cleland et al., 2018). his version provides information about three levels of physical activity intensity: a) walking, b) moderate, and c) vigorous.
The MET (Metabolic Equivalent of Task) indicator is used to measure the power of physical activity.

Metabolic equivalents of task (MET) are multiples of resting
metabolism that reflect the metabolic rate during exercise. Standard MET is defined as 3.5ml/min/kg (Tompuri, 2015). Based on IPAQ data processing

vigorous-intensity activity on at least 3 days achieving a minimum Total physical activity of at least 1500 MET-minutes/week OR ▪ 7 or more days of any combination of walking, moderate-or vigorous-intensity activities accumulating at least 3000 METminutes/week
Data is collected through three instruments and data processing using SPSS 21.

RESULT
The results showed physical activity with fundamental movement skills in low economic families. The following table shows the results of each variable:  Table 3 shows a description of the children's data in low-income families. Children in low-income families have an average age of ± 9.93 Vicki Ahmad Karisman Health and Recreation Physical Education Study Program,STKIP Pasundan,Permana Street Number 32B,West Java,40512,Indonesia years with an average age of men ± 9.87 years and women ± 10.03 years. Table 3 shows a description of the children's data in low-income families.
Children in low-income families have an average age of ± 9.93 years with an average age of men ± 9.87 years and women ± 10.03 years. In addition, the Body Mask Index shows 13.85, which means that all children are at an "underweight" weight condition. In addition, the average boy showed 13.77 and girls 13.98. The results of basic motion skills showed 71.61, which means the fundamental movement skills of children in families are not able to be in the category of "less" in both men (69.74) and women (74.58).
Similarly, physical activity measured through the IPAQ Instrument showed a 595.52 Mets / week, which is a low category. However, the average in boys showed 612.89 Mets/week of "moderate" activity. In contrast, women who showed 568.00 Mets / week have a category of "low."

DISCUSSION
The results showed that the whole children did not have a difference that was too far in the Body Mass Index. They tend to have underweight weight. Less activity and nutritional intake make children in low-income families less likely to be thin. According to (Devi, 2010) parents' type of work and education is the dominant factor with nutritional status this occurs in low-income communities. In addition, (Kasumayanti et al., 2020) Indonesians who tend to be substandard become one of the triggers of malnutrition, and the poor experience it the most. (Sebataraja, Oenzil, & Asterina, 2014). The nutritional status of children is also related to the family's economic level, the level of education of the father and mother, and the number of children in the family. The socio-ecological correlations associated with a child's basic motion skills are multidimensional and differ by skill category at the child, family, and environmental level (Zeng, Johnson, Boles, & Bellows, 2019b). Using a meta-analysis, this study is the first to show a positive relationship between basic motion skills, moderateto-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and total physical activity (TPA) in the early years of childhood, suggesting that the relationship begins at an early age (Jones et al., 2020). Research (Syifa Pramudita Faddila, Laras Ratu However, children in a low economy may have low motor skills. This is due to their opportunity to participate in sports and recreational activities before and after school (Lampard, Jurkowski, Lawson, & Davison, 2013). (Morley, Till, Ogilvie, & Turner, 2015) reveals that social status affects motor skills.
High socioeconomic status generally has high motor skills compared to low socioeconomic status. Early childhood development is influenced by various factors, including the socio-economic status of parents, playgrounds both in school and the community environment (Stephan, Sumarno, & Wibowo, 2018 The study results (Grant, Young, & Wu, 2015) showed that physical activity in girls tends to be less, so it needs further treatment. Individual, social, and school variables are the most prominent things to include in physical activity interventions for adolescent girls. Boys' physical activity has a high category when compared to girls. This lack of physical activity results in less basic movement skills in girls. (Kokštejn, Musálek, & Tufano, 2017) Explains that environmental and socio-cultural factors in preschool boys generally outperform girls in terms of fundamental movement skills. Girls spend more time in language skills, literacy, art, and fine motor activities.
While boys in a number of different ball games and gross motor activities.
(Ahmed, Ho, Al-Haramlah, & Mataruna-Dos-Santos, 2020) They found significant differences between gender in fitness, health factors, and social status. This shows that boys have a higher physical activity level than girls.
In addition, (Raswin, 2014) suggested that the culture of a society in Indonesia tends to educate girls with different treatment from men. as reflected in the pattern of upbringing in the family environment. This treatment reached the general public. This is one of the causes of women having low physical activity.
The limitation in this study is that there are still at least participants involved in the study because it is still in the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, this study has not been directly linked between socioeconomic and fundamental movement skills. Future research is expected to reveal the impact of socioeconomic, physical activity on fundamental movement skills directly and the design of activities tailored to the economic level so that all circles' basic movement skills are evenly distributed.

CONCLUSION
The results showed that children in low-income families tend to have a thin body mass index (underweight), and fundamental movement skills are lacking. However, in this study, boys had moderate physical activity, and girls had low physical activity. Physical activity programs need to be designed by schools to improve physical activity and fundamental movement skills, especially for children in low-income families. In addition, the role of schools and parents is also needed in improving the basic movement and physical activity of children. It is seen that children in lowincome families tend to have a deficiency in the body mass index, basic skills related to physical activity that tends to moderate downward.